The Construction Of A Dam And Its Impact On The Social,...

These articles discuss the construction of a dam’s project in Mapuche territories and its impact on the social, political and economic life of the indigenous community. The Mapuche people of Southern Chile have a long history and they were able to defend their independence despite many raids by giving many sacrifices. But a final defeat their on the hands of Chilean army forced them to be at the mercy of Chile’s government and then began a long and different fight for survival. They were forcefully relocated to reserves, where the lands were unfit and insufficient to sustain life. Chilean commercial expansion resulted in the exploitation of natural resources of Mapuche communities. Specially the activities like forestry, hydroelectric†¦show more content†¦The Mapuche community has knocked the door of many authorities to let their grievances be addressed, and justice be provided. They have made many protests but all fell on the deaf ears of concerned authoritie s. Their appeal and protest is based on retaining ancestral lands, concerns over environmental and social impacts, and the secrecy of all process. Despite all protests of local communities, ENDESA and IFC were initially reluctant to consider the demands of the Mapuche people. Even the audit reports of DR Downing, an anthropologist hired by IFC, about the social and environmental impacts and weakness of the project were not fully publicized as it found substantial evidence that the Pehuen foundation has failed to compensate all affected people adequately. Lately, because of the international pressure and fear of losing credibility IFC server notice to ENDESA that failure to meet the environmental conditions of loan would result in declaration of a default. ENDESA made a smarter move and repaid IFC amount by securing funds from a German private development bank. Side by side, Mr Downing filed three back to back human rights violations complaints on the grounds of intentional and willful violation of human and civil rights of the community. Other inquires were also conducted by Worlds Bank inspection panel, AAA Committee for human rights (CfHR). Both concluded that IFC refusal to release

The History Of Video Games - 1797 Words

History of video games. Have you ever played a video game and wonder? How does this thing work? Who invented it? Well you in luck because I have all the information that you need to tell you about the history of video games. How video games have advance right along with technology that we use in everyday life. If you ask people. When video games did first came out? Most people would say in the 1970 s and they would be wrong. In 1958, William A. Higinbotham, an engineer working for the United States government, came up with first game played on a type of screen. It was a two player tennis game played on an oscilloscope, a piece of electronic equipment with a 5 inch display. (The history of video games) In 1961, Steve Russell developed the first game played on a computer called Spacewar. The game was a hit with people but only a very few would really have the chance to enjoy it. The reason was because back then a computer was the size of a car and very expensive this system cost about $120,000. Only about fifty of these computer were ever sold. In the mid-1960 the Military wanted some sort of device that would develop the reflexes of the military personnel. In 1966 Ralph Baer, an employee of defense contractor Sanders Associates, addressed this demand when he came up with the concept of a â€Å"television gaming apparatus. (Miller) It took four more year to get a working system. When Baer did he showed it to Magnavox, which then signed him to a licensing agreement inShow MoreRelatedHistory of Video Games740 Words   |  3 PagesVideo games have shaped the world your years. Video games have defined us and made us through technology. Some would say they can’t live without video games while others say they would die if they played them. Video games also start franchises, wars, friendships, relationships, and inspiration for those who might one day become a game designer them self. Aside from the gamers and designers, the video game itself is a whole other story. Video games are now-a-days played on consoles and PCs made fromRead MoreThe History Of Video Games1529 Words   |  7 PagesThe History of Video Games Some people may not know this, but there was a time when video games were not around. Like a lot of things in the world that are distinctly human, video games were made out of a combination of innovation, necessity, and curiosity. The early video game creators would be making something that would seem clunky, and somewhat crude at first. But that would completely change in time by the innovators, and entrepreneurs to something that would some day be consider an art formRead MoreThe History Of Video Games1922 Words   |  8 PagesWallace English 12, 3rd 5 February 2015 The History of Video Games So, I’m going to change things a bit. Instead of just talking about dates and numbers, which can be boring; I’m going to give this a little casual twist. So, in order to start the history let’s get a few facts out of the way. Let’s talk about gamers, mainly because I’ll be using the term a lot; gamers are people who spent a lot of time playing videogames. The Average gamer playing video games has spent twelve years playing them. AdultRead MoreHistory of Video Games823 Words   |  4 Pagesargument of whether video games are good or bad for society is a clear example. Opponents believe they are a bad contribution to society while proponents believe they are a necessary and supportive addition to society. William Higinbotham, who in 1958 created a game called Tennis for TwoÂ… (The Beginning), is the one credited for the invention of the video game. At this stage in time, this new innovation did not spark much interest with the public. Computer and video games themselves did notRead More The History of Video Games Essay1046 Words   |  5 PagesThe History of Video Games 1972, the year the first home video game system, named Odyssey, is released by Magnavox. This main games featured on this system were a light gun game and a tennis game. During the same time, a game by the name of Pong is a success in the public. It is because people wanted to play Pong in the comfort of their own homes, that they bought Odyssey. The system only sold around 100,000 units since Magnavox only sold the game system from theirRead MoreEssay The history of video games987 Words   |  4 Pagesbeginning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The first real â€Å"video game† was made in 1958, by a physicist named William Higginbotham. It is a table tennis like game and is played on an oscilloscope, a device used for visual displays. While some big name games, company’s, and events have yet to happen, this is what sparked the video game interest. These paragraphs will guide you through the many years of games. Lets‘a go!! Early years (1961—1972) Things start off when the first interactive computer game---- SpaceWars (made in 1961)Read MoreHistory Of Home Video Game1511 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Home Video Game Consoles The video game industry has gone through some interesting developments over the past fifty years. Video games are as much of a pass time as watching network television, or going to see a movie. The initial motivation for video game production was to bring interested consumers to the computer market and has evolved into many forms and designs to give the end user an artificial experience of playing table tennis with a friend, or an imaginary friend. This paperRead MoreHistory of Video Games Essay2103 Words   |  9 PagesDid you know that Pong; the first game made by Atari, wasn’t originally meant to be released to the public? A new Atari employee was given the assignment of making it simply as a test of his game design skills. Since Pong became a hit, video games have been a large part of the entertainment business. They have found their way into homes all over the world. â€Å"You can’t say that video games grew out of pinball, but you can assume that video games wouldn’t have happened without it. It’s like bicyclesRead More History Of Video Games Essay801 Words   |  4 Pagesargument of whether video games are good or bad for society is a clear example. Opponents believe they are a bad contribution to society while proponents believe they are a necessary and supportive addition to society. William Higinbotham, who in 1958 created a game called Tennis for TwoÂ… (The Beginning), is the one credited for the invention of the video game. At this stage in time, this new innovation did not spark much interest with the public. Computer and video games themselves did notRead MoreHistory of Video Games Essay examples1266 Words   |  6 PagesVideo games have progressed immensely in price and technology over the past thirty years making them more popular then ever. Video games were originally for arcades, then came the first home console. The graphics have changed a lot since the first console game. Games colors were originally just black and white now they have more colors then you can think of. Not all businesses made it through competition of other businesses. In the seventies video games were fairly new. Some companies were

Ethics Organ Donation Euthanasia

Question: Discuss about teEthicsfor Organ Donation Euthanasia. Answer: Introduction: Belgium and Netherland are two of the very first countries that had legalized the practice of euthanasia and subsequent organ donation, although under highly restricted conditions. Although the process of transplantation of the human organs belonging to a dying patient, for therapeutic purpose, is regarded as one of the most gripping medical advances, it has given rise to a few issues of serious ethical considerations (Fletcher, 2015). It is an undeniable fact that organ transplantation is indeed helpful in saving the lives of a large number of people, who otherwise would have died because of organ failure. On the other hand, Organ Donation Euthanasia helps a dying patient, saves the life of an individual, about to die from vital organ failure. However, despite the positive impact of the method, the system is yet not free of a variety of moral and societal issues, which are being discussed below. Discussion: A few ethical issues that can arise because of the process of the organ transplantation include illegal practice of the organ sale by the entrepreneurs for personal gains, forceful persuasion of the patient to donate his organs against his wishes, the transplant of organ of a patient suffering from an infectious or harmful disease. Besides, a patient, while alive, might be willing to donate his organs to an individual belonging to his ethnic group or community, and yet his wish for the same can be discarded by the physicians, soon after his death. This is equally unethical. Ethics is an important branch of philosophy that upholds the importance of a set of beliefs, ideals and values, in governing any kind of human action (Cook, 2016). Healthcare ethics is an important branch of ethics, as it seeks to explain the importance of the moral values and ethical decisions, while making choice over the healthcare treatment (Chambaere et al., 2015). The good ethical standards should be followe d by each healthcare expert, as it is a part of their responsibility. However, although organ donation euthanasia is always done for a noble cause, it should be remembered that the healthcare providers should not merely focus on the benefits of the organ recipients, overlooking the last wish of the dying patient. While withdrawing life sustainability support system from the dying patient, the physicians often end up insisting the patient to donate his organ, against his wish, that cannot be considered to be ethical (Staib et al., 2014). In case the physicians refuse to inform the patient that their organs will be transplanted, it is equally an unethical choice, as in this situation, the benefactor is not being granted the power to make the decision, or not informed about how he is going to serve the needs of the beneficiary (Cook, 2016). Euthanasia is a process of withdrawing life support system from a dying patient, who has a very low or no chance of recovery from an incurable dise ase. Besides, the issue of euthanasia, itself is not free from ethical obligations (Bouquet et al., 2016). The question that can arise here is before ending the life of a patient, how the health professionals can determine if he is terminally ill or not. Medical research studies and health reports have been suggesting that it is indeed impossible to determine the life expectancy of an individual (Bollen et al., 2016). A patient, who is being deemed to be terminally ill, can live for ages, and hence withdrawing life support system from him, can in itself be considered unethical. Given that euthanasia is in itself not an ethical choice, the decision to die, should be completely taken by the patient, if not his family, and the whole act should be highly distinguished from the issue of organ transplantation (Ysaebert et al., 2015). Under no circumstance, should the patient be convinced to undergo the process of euthanasia, for the purpose of taking away his organs, and utilizing the same for serving the benefits of the other patients (Cook, 2016). Euthanasia should only be perpetrated in the best interest of the patient and only if the patient shows interest in being actively euthanized with the help of the lethal drugs. Hence, the central ethical issue that can arise here, is that the physician might persuade the patient to resort to euthanasia, so that after his death, his organs can be harvested (Evrard et al., 2014). The physicians may skip the essential medical steps that could improve and stabilize the critical health condition of the patient, and may convince the patient, and his family to resort to euthanasia. It is unethical to consider the patient, to be a mere body with organs, rather than respecting him as a human being (Shaw, 2014). As an important normative ethical theory, Utilitarianism upholds that an action should be regarded as right or wrong, completely on the basis of its outcome (Barrow,2015). Seen in the light of this theory, the action of organ donation euthanasia can be partially regarded as an ethical decision. In case of a serious health condition, the patient has a very low chance of survival. Hence, a patient afflicted with excruciating pain, or distressful health condition, may willfully decide to end his life. Instead of wasting money on his hydration and nutrition on a patient, whose brain has already undergone physical death, a family may consider the option of euthanizing the patient, so that his organs can save the life of another individual (Dijk et al., 2014). The outcome indeed is ethical, as it is done with the noble purpose of saving the life of another individual, who is unwilling to die, and can survive, if the organ is transplanted. Besides, the euthanasia causes painless death, and thus does not inflict any pain or torture on the patient, who is relieved from his pain. However, on the other hand, the application of the utilitarian argument, may also contradict the above view. It can be argued back, that the physician may be driven by the motive to transplant the organ of the dying patient, and in the process, may influence the patient and his family, to resort to euthanasia, that will deny the patient a little chance of survival. The patient is likely to be denied the autonomy of choice, and he may be persuaded to die, in favor of the well-being of another patient (Simoe, 2013). Considering this point, the outcome may not necessarily reflect the well-being of the patient or his family. The next ethical theory that can be considered here is Kants theory of ethics, the maxim of which was being taught by Emmanuel Kant. The view of the Kantian Ethics is that the goodness of the action solely depends on the goodness of the maxim, or the principle, underlying the action (ONeill, 2013). The only virtue that is deemed right by Kant, is good will. Kant maintains that if an action is done with a good will, even if the action fails, the action is regarded as ethically just. In the light of the Kantian theory of deontology, it can be said that the action of euthanasia is justified. The moral obligation of a doctor is to save the life of the patient, and hence the good will to save a life, or help a human being live more, is in itself very noble. Hence, euthanizing the patient, and influencing him to donate his organs, post death, can be ethically justified. The motive behind ending the life of a terminally ill patient, for increasing the survival chance of a patient, with bett er health condition, is highly benevolent. However, the counter-argument to this issue is that Kant considers suicide in the form of self-destruction, as an unethical act, and hence killing an individual, with the help of intervention of a second person should be treated equally unethical. The act of killing of any person can never have any positive impact, and the will to perpetrate the act of murder, is essentially evil by nature, according to Kant. However, this argument can easily be defended, as the idea of good will, as propounded by Kant, can be traced in the act of euthanasia (Holland, 2015). The patient euthanized, dies for a good motive, to help save the life of another patient, and hence the choice of killing a patient through euthanasia, cannot be treated to be unethical, under any circumstance. Conclusion: From the above arguments, it is clear that though euthanasia can be regarded as an ethically objectionable situation, the ultimate decision to end life and donate organs should be taken by the patient himself. Hence, the most ethical choice left for the healthcare experts, is that they can ask the patient whether they would wish their life to be ended by the application of euthanasia, and facilitate the donation of his organs for the well-being of the others. Under no circumstance, should a decision be thrust on the patient against his wish and against the wish of his family. A patient should not be killed via euthanasia, even if he is terminally ill, and only if he is willing to make an ethical choice of organ donation then only he can be euthanized. However, in case of brain death, the patient will not be able to decide for himself. In such situations, the decision of the family members, along with the discretion of the doctors, should be used. Reference List: Barrow, R. (2015).Utilitarianism: A contemporary statement. Routledge. Bollen, J., Jongh, W., Hagenaars, J., Dijk, G., Hoopen, R., Ysebaert, D., ... Mook, W. (2016). Organ Donation After Euthanasia: A Dutch Practical Manual.American Journal of Transplantation. Bousquet, A., Guirimand, F., Aubry, R., Leboul, D. (2016). Palliative care unit caregivers facing a euthanasia request: A qualitative pilot study.MEDECINE PALLIATIVE,15(1), 4-14. Chambaere, K., Vander Stichele, R., Mortier, F., Cohen, J., Deliens, L. (2015). Recent trends in euthanasia and other end-of-life practices in Belgium.New England Journal of Medicine,372(12), 1179-1181. Cook, M. (2016). Doctors say Lets increase organ transplant rates by encouraging euthanasia patients to donate | NRL News Today. Nationalrighttolifenews.org. Retrieved 13 December 2016, from https://www.nationalrighttolifenews.org/news/2016/06/doctors-say-lets-increase-organ-transplant-rates-by-encouraging-euthanasia-patients-to-donate/#.WE-X0dJ97IU Evrard, P., Bosmans, J. L. (2014). Preface: the belgian transplant society-a society that supports research, but also family donor action for organ donation. InTransplantation proceedings(Vol. 46, No. 9, pp. 3123-2014). Fletcher, J. F. (2015).Morals and Medicine: the moral problems of the patient's right to know the truth, contraception, artificial insemination, sterilization, euthanasia. Princeton University Press. Holland, S. (2015).Public health ethics. John Wiley Sons. O'Neill, O. (2013).Acting on principle: An essay on Kantian ethics. Cambridge University Press. Shaw, D. M. (2014). Organ donation after assisted suicide: a potential solution to the organ scarcity problem.Transplantation,98(3), 247-251. Simes, M. C. (2013). Hare's preference utilitarianism: an overview and critique.Trans/Form/Ao,36(2), 123-134. Staib-Lasarzik, I., Kriege, O., Timaru-Kast, R., Pieter, D., Werner, C., Engelhard, K., Thal, S. C. (2014). Anesthesia for euthanasia influences mRNA expression in healthy mice and after traumatic brain injury.Journal of neurotrauma,31(19), 1664-1671. van Dijk, G., Giezeman, A., Ultee, F., Hamers, R. (2012). [Organ donation after active euthanasia in a patient with a neurodegenerative disease].Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde,157(39), A6548-A6548. Ysebaert, D., Detry, O., Verfaillie, G., Mikhalski, D., Van Raemdonck, D. (2015). Organ donation after euthanasia on specific patients' request in Belgium.Transplant International,28(S4), 114.

Impacts on Reportage of War-Free-Samples- Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Social Media Impacts on reportage of war and Conflict within the Syrian Civil War. Answer: Introduction Social media along with scientific advancement has reduced the distance between man and world. One click takes the people to the events that take place in the world. The modern versions of social media possess various and wide ranging connotations, which adds positivity in its usage (Couldry 2012). Viewing this utilization from the Syrian war coverage broadens the scope and arena of this report. The courageous attitude of the journalists in portraying the incident, preserving its actuality adds positivity in their roles and responsibilities. This point attains an important position in the report. Media Power Media is a very strong medium of connecting people with one another (Tumber 2013). The contents aired adversely affect the perception of the people. For example, displaying the stunts without the warning can be disastrous as the children possess the tendency to imitate them. This aggravates the risk factors. Sometimes, the news is influenced by the political parties and people with strong economical powers, which deprive the common people from knowing the events that are taking place in their surroundings. Herein lays the symbolic significance of the word influence, the main part of the article entitled, Media Power and Influence. Delving deep into the word power, it projects the authority of the media personnel in terms of satisfying the needs, demands and requirements of the customers (Chalkley et al. 2012). In terms of their functionality, both power and influence are interlinked with each other. Proper utilization of the gained power assists the media personnel in influencing the visual intake of the customers by producing contents that are informative and devoid of any vulgar or obscene matters. With the advancement of civilization and scientific advancement, modern touch was added to the life of the public domain. Humans dominated the whole world through the means of social media. The relation between Mr X and the events of the world is a typical example of the relationship between man and the social media. The impact created by social media has made it a part of their daily life. Without the social media, the world would collapse (Perse and Lambe 2016). In terms of the article, it can be considered as the ritual of the people to surf the social media for browsing the news headlines, collecting information for presentation, projects and others. One wrong step in projecting the news in a proper way makes the individuals delve deep into the subject matter of the news. Example lies in Mr Xs thoughts regarding the incorrect governmental approach to the scandal of policy bungles (Chalkley et al. 2012). The subtitle of the introductory section of the article, a fractured window on reality bears resemblance with the functionalities of media in real sense. The phrase fractured relates to the discrepancies in the sources of media in terms of the contents that are produced. Window can be considered as the exposure of the public domain to the enlightenment in the form of correct media and contents. Adherence and compliance to the legislations and ethics qualifies the media personnel as capable of constructing a real world through the creation of a firm identity (McCombs 2014). The major drive behind this creation is alteration in the visual perception, imagination and rationality of the individuals. This radical transformation has opened a new horizon in front of the civilization and turned the entire world into a mere global village (Hudson 2013). Impact of unethical and improper information on the customers attains an important position in this part of the paper. Upon reading such news or content, panic is one of the most common expressions. This panic can be considered as the effect of the cause, which is, reading shocking or confusing contents and news. This reaction can be correlated with the hypodermic syringe or needle, which the media injects into the minds of the people. However, in view of the present versions of peoples maturity, the concept of hypodermic syringe model gets obliterated. Now, people apply rational thinking towards the news and contents, which nullifies the essence of the expression, panic. This application gratifies their individuality through the means of an escape to the unknown realms of entertainment (Lukin 2013). Here, in this domain, the individuals come to terms with their comfort zone as they can relate the contents with the personal events and experiences. One of the other important aspects of this segment is the effect of social media on children. In the budding stage, if the children are provided with tablets, smart phones, they are bound to encounter complicacies in their development (Herman and Chomsky 2006). Here, the media personnel need to take extra care of the programs and contents that they produce. They can introduce a separate childrens segment, where informative contents can be displayed through a play way method. This would serve the purpose of entertainment as well as education. Sexual, vulgar, violence and obscene contents should not be inserted into the programs for the children (Huesmann and Eron 2013). This would adversely affect their developmental process. There is a benchmark to which the media personnel can exert their influence on the customers. In-depth discussion of the application of power by the media personnel in the following section, takes the report to the roots and dynamism of media. Propaganda is very important in determining the media power because through this model, people can be made aware about the inequality of power and wealth in the society, the impact it creates in shaping up the functioning areas of the mass media choices and effects (McCombs 2014). Adherence to the propaganda enables the media personnel to expose the public domain to authentic and quality contents. The dynamism of media is in itself a vast concept, to which the common people are unfamiliar with. This generates obscurity within the minds of the people regarding being deprived with the internal functions of the media agencies. Taking into consideration the propaganda model helps the advertising agencies to keep a track of the cash and the content that flows out from the internal environment to the external. Moreover, this model possesses enough flexibility to alter the focus of the business from mere generating income by gaming with the needs, demands and requirements of the customers t o executing market research for gifting the people with quality and helpful contents (Sacco and Bossio 2015). The initial stage is the formation of ownership by the advertising agencies. In this stage, the main aim was to develop an integrated framework for efficient execution of the business activities. Typical examples are formation of efficient and skilled team members, conducting market research for producing contents that satisfies the requirements of the customers among others. The second stage includes obtaining the license and approval from the higher authorities to start the business (Herman and Chomsky 2006). This stage safeguards the advertising agencies from the emergencies such as the cyber crimes among others. Herein lays the appropriateness of copyrights, which authenticates and validates the contents produced. Outsourcing the contents makes the personnel aware of the customer responses, which enhances the clarity regarding the changes that needs to be adopted for fulfilling the needs, demands and requirements of the customers. Review This review of the literature tends to focus on the different aspects and the contributions the social media had made on the civil war in Syria. This event had gained huge responses all over the world. Critical reflection of the issue, war and social media seems a little unusual. Moreover, the actual presentation and the perceptions of the people regarding the wars, such as Syrian war alters the significance of the issue, which can be considered as a shameful incident for the nation (Gerbaudo 2012). The contribution of social media in exposing the actual condition was immense. The coverage that the social media and internet provided to know the conditions of Syria in the civil war was indeed essential (Couldry 2012). The background of this civil war began in the year when the activism transferred to the Arabian world from African countries like Tunisia and Egypt (Sharara and Kanj 2014). The activists raised their protests against the regime of the country Bashar al-Assad. All these protests began by using the social media when they posted the videos of the outbreaks on YouTube by adding slogans like the people want to overthrow the regime and they also posted about their protests on Twitter by hash tag #mar15 (Godin et al. 2013). In this kind of online protests, no journalists were present but the activists had generated the protests strongly by providing online contents. The major drive behind this was the lack of adequate skills and knowledge, for which they had to depend on t he social media for reporting the actual incidents to the people. This situation deviates from the usual functionalities of the journalists. On the contrary, accuracy in the knowledge of the events was pivotal in making these protests to reach the ears of the common men. People were trying to move towards the International Invention in Libya (Jahn 2016). The regime began to suppress every small protest they could assume because they were afraid that they would not be able to tackle it if this protest grew larger. The protests began to grow further when the young people were getting arrested. Most of the journalists were not able to tolerate such kind of strict suppression and they were either being killed or disappeared. Most of the television channels had to depend on the citizen journalists and their YouTube videos (Brodersen, Scellato and Wattenhofer 2012). It was sure to present a situation where people believed that through these YouTube videos and reports collected by the citi zen journalists would expose the masks of the regime. The lives of the foreign journalists were in great danger so the citizen journalists had to take up the charge in discovering and flashing the ground truths that would help to reach the news to the outside world. The 1982 massacre of Hama by Bashar al-Assads father exposed the journalists to an unknown fact. Unfamiliarity regarding the slaughter did not spare even the common people. In this situation, social media exposed the reality to the people. The condition became such that the regime grew to be more powerful and people were killed brutally. The widespread presence of the social media made the incident viral in countries like Turkey, England, Lebanon and others. The collection of those brutal videos witnessed continuity by the functions of Local Coordinating Committees (LCC) (Landis 2012). The famous Facebook groups and the websites, like the Sham News Network had began to send these videos to the broader world, thus making the world aware of it. The citizen journalists had played a brilliant and courageous role in excavating the real scenario and transmitting it correctly to the outside world. The regime of Bashar prevented the foreign journalists from penetrating into the scenario, whi ch blamed the citizen journalists (Ali and Fahmy 2013). They narrated the actual condition blaming the harsh attitude of the police towards collapsing the peaceful protests. The videos that were supplied by the online activists, proved to be extremely useful in the political and military struggles. The brutal and cruel deaths and destructions that took place in Homs were documented by social media and spread all over the world. Biasness within the documentation of the social media coverage restricted the journalists from voicing out their individual opinions. This situation nullified the financial assistance from the Sunni Muslims of Saudi Arabia.. Separation from the Sunni Muslims added hostility among the journalists. Typical example of this is the video expressing the hatred of Syrian residents against Alawites (Klausen 2015). The regional telecast of this video is an inspiration for the journalists in terms of enduring the challenging tasks of airing such protests on TV, radio and social media. Undertaking such challenging tasks adds positivity in the role of the advertising agencies. This positivity bridges the gap between the actual incident and the perceptual thinking of the people. Conclusion This paper can be concluded in the way by saying that media played a very important role in shaping up the revolutionary condition in Syria. The regime had controlled the country within their grip for a long time and they exercised everything within their power to dismantle the peace within the country. The citizen journalists and the online activists had played a vital role with the help of the social media to bring the inhuman slaughtering of people in front of the world. Though these reports can be criticized because of containing biasness, it cannot be denied either that the bravery of the citizen journalists has to be appreciated. References Ali, S.R. and Fahmy, S., 2013. Gatekeeping and citizen journalism: The use of social media during the recent uprisings in Iran, Egypt, and Libya.Media, War Conflict,6(1), pp.55-69. Brodersen, A., Scellato, S. and Wattenhofer, M., 2012, April. Youtube around the world: geographic popularity of videos. InProceedings of the 21st international conference on World Wide Web(pp. 241-250). ACM. Chalkley, T., Brown, A., Cinque, T., Warren, B., Hobbs, M. and Finn, M., 2012.Communication, new media and everyday life. Oxford University Press. Couldry, N., 2012.Media, society, world: Social theory and digital media practice. Polity. Gerbaudo, P., 2012.Tweets and the streets: Social media and contemporary activism. Pluto Press. Godin, F., Slavkovikj, V., De Neve, W., Schrauwen, B. and Van de Walle, R., 2013, May. Using topic models for twitter hashtag recommendation. InProceedings of the 22nd International Conference on World Wide Web(pp. 593-596). ACM. Herman, E. and Chomsky, N., 2006. A propaganda model.Media and Cultural Studies, p.257. Hudson, H.E., 2013.From rural village to global village: Telecommunications for development in the information age. Routledge. Huesmann, L.R. and Eron, L.D., 2013.Television and the aggressive child: A cross-national comparison. Routledge. Klausen, J., 2015. Tweeting the Jihad: Social media networks of Western foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq.Studies in Conflict Terrorism,38(1), pp.1-22. Landis, J., 2012. The Syrian Uprising of 2011: Why the Asad Regime Is Likely to Survive to 2013.Middle East Policy,19(1), pp.72-84. Lukin, A., 2013. Journalism, ideology and linguistics: The paradox of Chomskys linguistic legacy and his propaganda model.Journalism,14(1), pp.96-110. McCombs, M., 2014.Setting the agenda: Mass media and public opinion. John Wiley Sons. Perse, E.M. and Lambe, J., 2016.Media effects and society. Routledge. Sacco, V. and Bossio, D., 2015. Using social media in the news reportage of War Conflict: Opportunities and Challenges.The Journal of Media Innovations,2(1), pp.59-76. Sharara, S.L. and Kanj, S.S., 2014. War and infectious diseases: challenges of the Syrian civil war.PLoS pathogens,10(11), p.e1004438. Tumber, H., 2013.Media power, professionals and policies. Routledge.

Analysis of Elizabeth Keckleys Behind the Scenes Essay Example

Analysis of Elizabeth Keckleys Behind the Scenes Essay Example Analysis of Elizabeth Keckleys Behind the Scenes Paper Analysis of Elizabeth Keckleys Behind the Scenes Paper Brian Lindner Research Writing 109:2 Mrs. Linda Clary 6 October 2010 Analysis of Elizabeth Keckley’s Behind the Scenes The American Presidents have a distinct aura that surrounds them and covers their true identity with a faulty exterior, only portraying stoic, standup men. Elizabeth Keckley in her memoir Behind the Scenes gives us an inside look at President Lincoln and his wife Mary Todd Lincoln, as well as a look into her own life. Elizabeth Keckley was a black slave who bought her freedom, and worked for rich families as a seamstress, including working in the White House for Marry Todd Lincoln. She became close friends with Mrs. Lincoln and one of her only confidantes in the time after President Lincoln was assassinated (Dasher-Alston 1). In her piece Keckley explains how she sees the Lincolns at some of the best times that they have while in the White House as well as some of the worst times they have. Keckleys memoir gives us a deep look into three fascinating people’s true characteristics that would almost be unknown otherwise: Abraham Lincoln was a fun-loving, uncomplicated, caring man; Mary Todd Lincoln was an irritable, brash, strong woman; and Elizabeth Keckley was a hardworking, honest, and loyal woman. Abraham Lincoln gives off the appearance that he is always conducting himself with the up-most character and decorum, nearly always being pictured standing tall with his black suit and top hat however, this is not the case Mr. Lincoln was a fun-loving, uncomplicated man. He seems very relaxed at times almost like any other hard working man of that time. Keckley Lindner 2 accounts of a time where she was helping Mrs. Lincoln dress and he comes into the room: â€Å"Mr. Lincoln came in, threw himself on the sofa, laughed with Willie and little Tad, and commenced pulling on his gloves, quoting poetry all the while† (Keckley 178). Mr. Lincoln was also a simple man with simple pleasures. He owned two pet goats which he loved almost as if they were his own children. Lincoln is describing his goats to Keckley one afternoon and he says, â€Å"Madam Elizabeth, did you ever before see such an active goat? . . . [h]e feeds on my bounty, and jumps with joy. Do you think we could call him a bounty-jumper? But I flatter the bounty-jumper. My goat is far above him† (Keckley 179). In comparison many things are far above bounty-jumpers but to say that his goats can even compare to humans shows his love and shows how he treats them as if they were humans. Bounty-jumpers were men who accepted the cash bounty offered for enlisting in the civil war and then deserted (bounty jumper 1). Mr. Lincoln loved these simple pleasures in life; he was a fun-loving, uncomplicated man. Along with these fun characteristics he was also a caring man. He loved his children and his wife and kept them first in his life, but also had a kind word for all he came in contact with. Keckley gives examples of how President Lincoln laughs with his children, and would be outside playing with his children, and the fun they would share together playing with the pet goats (Keckley 178-79). It shows a lot into the character of the president that as busy as he was he made time for his children. He also treated his wife with an unconditional love. He complimented her and different times recited poetry to her. One instance President Lincoln said, â€Å"I declare you look charming in that dress. Mrs. Keckley has met with great success† (Keckley 178). The President used this playful use of poetry to both compliment his wife and be the romantic poetic husband every woman longs for. Lindner 3 The woman behind the great man was an irritable, brash woman. Mrs. Lincoln expected the best and sometimes perfection from the people she was around. When Keckley was being hired she remembered being in a room with three other dress makers waiting to be interviewed (Keckley 177). Keckley was the last to be seen as all the others could not meet the near perfect requirements that Mrs. Lincoln had set forth. She also made very brash, hasty decisions at different points. Keckley explains this brashness saying, â€Å"After Willie’s death, she could not bear the sight of anything he loved, not even a flower. Costly bouquets were presented to her . . . and [she] either placed them in a room where she could not see them, or threw them out the window† (Keckley 180). This quick, almost inconceivable action of throwing a gift out the window was an almost normal action for Mrs. Lincoln. Behind this brash, irritable exterior was a strong mother, who put up this front to hide pain and suffering. Mrs. Lincoln lost saw the death of one of her child and her husband cut short both of their lives. Following the death of Mr. Lincoln, one of the toughest things to deal with her son Tad pleads with her not to cry, because if he were to hear his mom crying he also would cry and break his heart. Mrs. Lincoln then calmed herself and hugged held her child (Keckley 183-84). Mrs. Lincoln in the time that she was suppose to be getting consoled put her son first, stopped crying, and put his needs before her own. Elizabeth Keckley was a hard working, honest woman. She worked hard to become the dress maker for the first lady. Keckley tells of a time when she was making a dress for Mrs. McClean one of her first customers, and she promised the dress would be made by Sunday. Keckley worked night and day working on that dress saying, â€Å"I would undertake the dress if I should have to sit up all night- every night, to make my pledge good† (Keckley 175). Keckley Lindner 4 did have the dress made by the deadline date keeping her word. It was this hard work and determination that led to her being the White House dress maker. Keckley was also a loyal friend to Mrs. Lincoln as well as her dress maker. She cared for her and Mrs. Lincoln trusted and confided in her. On the night that President Lincoln was shot, Keckley was overwhelmed with concern both for the President but also for Mrs. Lincoln. Keckley says, â€Å"I could not sleep. I wanted to go to Mrs. Lincoln as I pictured her with grief . . . and I must wait till morning (Keckley 182). Her first thoughts as often as they were, were not on herself and what this would mean for her career no longer being in the White House, but for her dear friend Mrs. Lincoln and the pain and grief she must have been going threw at this tragic time. Elizabeth Keckley takes us inside the White House, seeing the characters of Mr. and Mrs. Lincoln in a way that would otherwise be unknown, but in her telling us about them she also gives us great detail into her own life and the amazing woman she is. Abraham Lincoln will be remembered as a fun-loving, simple, and caring man, while Mrs. Lincoln will be remembered as brash, irritable, but ever so strong. Elizabeth Keckley who otherwise may be another unknown White House worker will be known for her hardworking, honest, and loyal ways. Beneath all these characters faulty exteriors lies a true interior that only a few can know, and because of Elizabeth Keckley, Mr. and Mrs. Lincoln are now seen in a different way. Lindner 5 â€Å"bounty jumper. † Def. 1. yourdictionary. com. Wiley, 2010. Web. 6 Oct. 2010. Dasher-Alston, Robin M. â€Å"Elizabeth Hobbs Keckley. † Voices From the Gaps. University of Minnesota, 6 Dec. 1998. Web. 6 Oct. 2010. Keckley, Elizabeth Hobbs. Behind the Scenes. Ed. Jay Parini. New York: Norton, 1999. Print.

Explore the theme of love in Auden Essays

Explore the theme of love in Auden Essays Explore the theme of love in Auden Paper Explore the theme of love in Auden Paper Essay Topic: W H auden Poems This was an arranged marriage which allowed her to have the British citizenship and escape from Nazi Germany. Aden met his true love, the poet Chester Coalman, in New York in 1939. Coalman became Addends companion for the rest of his life. Love is a recurrent theme in Addends poetry but so are many others such as world war two, politics, indifference, nature or time. Therefore, we could ask ourselves how important love is in Addends poetry. As Aden has been in love for the major part of his life, a lot of his poems talk about it or at least mention it. Among them, the most famous one is Funeral Blues as it has been used in the movie Four weddings and a funeral. In this poem, Aden talks about the death of his lover. It is one of the rare poems in which Aden assumes his homosexuality when he says He Is Dead. It must be said that at this time, being gay was unacceptable and people could even end up in jail for that (this might be one of the reasons why in the memo Roman Wall Blues, Aden talks about my girl though we know that his lover was a man). In Funeral Blues, the poet describes how the lover meant everything to him, by using the lexical field of space North, South, East, West, time noon, midnight, but also senses such as the view or hearing especially in the first stanza. The entire poem is about the void that the death of the lover has left and how much he counted in Addends life. This is pretty much the same in the poem underneath the abject willow. Indeed, in the two poems the lover is dead. But in the second one, there is a positive note by the middle of the poem Strike and you shall conquer which become more and more imposing by the end of it. It ends up on a sign of hope walk then, come, no longer numb into your satisfaction which is contrasting with the beginning. This sudden change in the characters way of thinking almost makes the reader forget that at first, this poem was written after the lovers death and it could possibly be a way for the author to express his grief. This evolution of atmosphere is common with other poems such as The more loving one. It begins very sadly, the poet seems depressive for all they care, can go to hell. The use vulgarity is a sign of how fed up the poet is. He uses it again in stanza three stars that do not give a damn to emphasis that he has had enough. Indeed, being in love is never easy because as Aden says equal affection cannot be. One person always loves more than the other does. Aden wants to be the more loving one, not as a sign of sacrifice but rather as a sign of understanding of the situation. By the end of the poem, he seems appeased by his choice, or at least a little, and able to put things into respective l should learn to look at an empty sky. In this poem, Aden shows love as omnipresent in peoples lives as it keeps being a concern even at night time, under the stars. The evolution of atmosphere can be from a negative one to a positive one as we have just seen but it can also be inversely such as in O what is that sound and Refugee Blues. Indeed, in both poems, the atmosphere is quite pessimistic in the first stanzas but it becomes more and more obvious that the protagonists are wanted and that the end is going to be tragic. For instance, in O what is that sound, one of the two beakers still has hope in his voice at the beginning only the scarlet soldiers, dear, the soldiers coming but as we continue reading, we can feel that he starts worrying or perhaps a warning, now they are running and by the end, he is as scared as the first speaker is or maybe even more l promised to love you, dear, But I must be leaving. In Refugee Blues, the fact that the protagonists are wanted is really clear as soon as the first stanza yet theres no place for us, my dear, yet theres no place for us but it still becomes more ND more precise as long as we read the poem looking for you and me, my dear, looking for you and me. Those poems are both tragic as we understand that the characters are Jews wanted by the Nazi Germany. Love is here used as a way of moving deeply the reader as we can easily identify in the nickname dear used all along the two poems. The use of the theme of love can also be seen as a ploy to soften the harshness of reality. This use can also be found in Lullaby. Even though the major part of the poem is quite sad, love is present since the beginning lay your sleeping head, my love and until the ND watched by every human love. The love mentioned in this poem is not only romantic love, but also spiritual love. Indeed, Addends speech is quite philosophical, he wonders why the world is as it is. Love is one of the few elements that bring back the reader to the real world. It is shown as a positive thing that makes reality easier to accept. Sometimes though, love is not welcome. This is the case in Miss Gee, in which the old single lady is disgusted by the sight of the loving couples. It can be seen as a sign of jealousy and loneliness.

Auditing,(True and Fair view and Independence) Essay

Auditing,(True and Fair view and Independence) - Essay Example However, Dean and Clarke (2007) have declared the truth, fairness and independence to be near impossibility due to â€Å"Faulty foundations of accounting†. An auditor’s selected procedures to conduct audit depends upon the auditor’s judgment including the assessment of risks of material misstatement. In making those risk assessments the auditor considers internal controls relevant to the entity’s preparation of financial statements that give a true and fair view of the accounts, he also evaluates the appropriateness of the accounting policies and procedures. Hence, an experienced auditor can even give opinion on the â€Å"faulty foundations of accounting† (Dean and Clarke, 2007) through careful selection of procedures of audit. The objective of accounting remains to present, statements not for accounting only, but also to satisfy the auditor’s judgment which stretches beyond the books, since accounting leads to accountability only when audito r goes through it. What constitutes â€Å"true and fair† by the auditor is being widely discussed criticized, and explored equally by the governments and the corporate sector. Auditors can never be sure that their opinion presents true and fair view of the financial statements( Christopher J. ... on (2010) have taken pure philosophical aspect of TFV and discussed the â€Å"ethical discretion† that gives him â€Å"dramatic ethical role† able to either build or completely ruin the â€Å"trust† of the company under audit. Their conclusion again leads into interlinking the pure morality to be guide through some laid down principles and procedures of accounting. To give â€Å"moral weight†, an auditor has to† show the desirable results† (Campbell and Houghton, 2010), desirable for the stakeholders in general, though the stakeholders may vary from the employees of the company to the shareholders. Thus, claiming the entire morality for TFV in auditing revolves around setting standards and developing systems to ensure TFV. The role of TFV in auditing thus becomes pivotal and the objective of the TFV should be to give an opinion about the assertion of the management, for the shareholders, the strength of the financial position, its standing in t he market so as to lure potential buyers to invest on â€Å"economically informed basis† (Campbell & Houghton, 2001). â€Å"The Immediate role of audit independence is to serve the audit† the prime objective of audit independence is to â€Å"improve the cost effectiveness of capital market† (Jacobson, Peter D, 1998). Independence is â€Å"fundamental to the reliability of auditor’s report† (Ramsay, 2001). An â€Å"objective and disinterested† (Ramsay,2001) assessment of the financial assertion is said to be the foundation of the independence of the auditors, for effective corporate governance, the cost effectiveness of a business, for investor’s confidence, and particularly in wake of recent corporate failures. There are some key ways an auditor can make sure that they are perceived to be independent. Ramsay identifies these as